Now will there be TWO Popes? Rome in turmoil over claim Benedict will stay on to 'advise' his successor and live in nunnery just yards from St Peter's

• Confusion over what Benedict's role will be following shock resignation
• His new name will likely be 'Bishop of Rome, emeritus'
• Pope Benedict will retire to a nunnery just yards from St Peter's
  
• Building is attached to monastery on northern edge of Vatican gardens
• It has been under renovation since last nuns left cloisters in October
• Pontiff's shock resignation means restoration deadline even more critical

Benedict XVI’s shock resignation was last night threatening to throw the Roman Catholic Church into turmoil at the suggestion there could be ‘two Popes’ living side by side in Rome.
The unprecedented scenario became apparent as the Vatican was gripped by confusion over what name and title Benedict will have when he retires.
There was also deep concern over what role he may play after he has stepped down and his successor assumes authority over the Roman Catholic flock.
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Shock decision: Pope Benedict XVI announces his resignation during a meeting of Vatican cardinals, a move that has thrown the Catholic church into turmoil as it seeks to find a successor

While Vatican spokesmen gave assurances that the retired Pope will never interfere with the appointment or decisions of the new one, Benedict’s brother Georg Ratzinger said that ‘where he’s needed he will make himself available’ and added that the next Pontiff ‘may ask for advice’.
It was also revealed that, far from retiring to a life of contemplation in a distant monastery, Benedict will live inside the Vatican in a specially-prepared apartment block.
His presence close to St Peter’s Square poses the threat that the authority of the new Pope may be compromised or undermined.
And it led many to fear that the church’s 1.2billion followers could be exposed to the risk of divided loyalties to ‘two Popes’.

 

Last night the Vatican went out of its way to emphasise that for Pope Benedict, retirement meant just that: retirement.
To add to the sense of finality its spokesman said Benedict’s papal ring and other powerful emblems of authority would be destroyed when he retires – just as they are after a papal death.
The doubts over how the church will cope with two Popes became apparent as Cardinal Peter Turkson of Ghana, who is among the leading contenders to be the first black Pope, launched an open campaign for the job to go to a cardinal from the developing world.

Complete surprise: Several cardinals did not even understand what Benedict had said during the consistatory and those who did were stunned, a Vatican spokesman said

It came just a day after the resignation announcement and more than a fortnight before Benedict’s last major event as Pope, a general audience in St Peter’s Square on February 27.
He will appear in public today for the first time since his resignation, leading Ash Wednesday mass.
The Vatican said that the service will be moved to the larger St Peter’s Basilica Church in the Vatican from the smaller Santa Sabina Church, to allow more worshippers to bid farewell to the outgoing Pontiff.
Cardinal Turkson’s intervention signalled the start of six weeks of rising tension as 117 cardinals prepare to choose the new Pontiff by the end of March.
Of the 117 in the conclave, a majority – 67 – are cardinals appointed by Benedict since  2005. The number of men chosen by Benedict means the new Pontiff may find it hard to break free from his influence.

Serene: Immediately after his resignation, Benedict will spend some time at Castel Gandolfo, the papal retreat in hills south of Rome where he has spent his summer vacations reading and writing

Benedict’s resignation on Monday was greeted with tears among some of the cardinals present as he said he lacked the strength of mind and body to continue and that his intention was to ‘devotedly serve the Holy Church of God in the future through a life dedicated to prayer’.
The Vatican confirmed yesterday that Benedict secretly underwent heart surgery three months ago.
A spokesman acknowledged  that the Pope has a pacemaker  and said the operation was a  ‘routine recharge of the pacemaker’s battery’.
However, there was less confidence in settling the question of the title and role the 85-year-old will take after stepping down.
The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales said firmly on Monday that the Papal name of Benedict will be dropped and the Pope will resume his old name of Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger.
However, yesterday a Vatican spokesman said that he would actually keep the name Benedict and added that his title might be ‘Emeritus Bishop of Rome’ – in other words, a second Pope.
Padre Federico Lombardi said of Benedict’s new title: ‘His name will remain Benedict XVI. This remains for life, until he dies. It will be interesting to see how we address him, how he will be called.’
Benedict is a Papal name, chosen by a new Pope as his first act  after accepting the Papacy. It means that outgoing Pontiff will continue to hold at least some Papal authority.
It was also suggested that Benedict may continue to be addressed as a Pope with the title ‘Your Holiness’.
The risks of Benedict’s continuing presence in Rome provoked  widespread concern yesterday.  La Repubblica, an influential left-leaning newspaper often critical of the Catholic church, said:  ‘Benedict will live a few hundred metres from his successor. Will his continuing presence constitute a shadow or a shining beacon of inspiration?’
The uncertainty is deepened because there is just one precedent for a voluntary resignation by a Pope – Celestine V, more than 700 years ago.
Benedict’s new home will be in an apartment block built in 1992 within the Vatican as a home for contemplative orders of nuns or monks. Currently being refurbished, it will be occupied only by the retired Pope and his staff.
It is not known when he will move in, but he will take up residence in Castel Gandolfo, the Papacy’s summer retreat, after his retirement.
For months, construction crews have been renovating the four-storey building attached to a monastery in the Vatican gardens where nuns would live for a few years at a time in cloister.
Construction materials were today seen littering the front lawn of the house while plastic tubing snaked down from the top floor to a cargo container.

New home: A view of the Mater Ecclesiae Monastery (right) next to the Tower of San Giovanni, inside the Vatican State where Pope Benedict XVI is expected to live after he resigns

Caught on the hop: Construction crews have been renovating the four-story building attached to the monastery for the Pope's retirement, although many didn't expect it to come so soon

Such was the suddenness of Benedict's decision to quit that even the few officials who knew it would one day be his retirement home have been caught off guard.
The restoration deadline has subsequently become even more critical to ensure the property is comfortable enough for the ailing Pontiff to live his remaining days
The Mater Ecclesiae monastery was built on the site of a former residence for the Vatican's gardener.
Pope John Paul II had wanted a residence inside the Vatican walls to host contemplative religious orders, and over the years several different orders would come for spells of a few years, said Giovanni Maria Vian, the editor of the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano.
The last such order of nuns left the residence in October and renovation work began immediately afterwards.
The monastery has 12 cells, its own chapel and library and was once used as the offices of the Vatican Radio.

In this photo provided by the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, Pope Benedict XVI delivers his message during a meeting of Vatican cardinals on Monday

Relaxing: Pope Benedict reads papers in his summer residence Castel Gandolfo on July 26, 2010

Benedict has visited the monastery a handful of times over the years and celebrated Mass there three times, in 2005, 2006 and 2009.
In his spare time, Benedict likes to likes to play the piano, watch DVDs of black-and-white comedies and read in his study.
There's a garden right outside the front door, where nuns living in the residence would tend to the lemon and orange trees and the roses, which are used in liturgical ceremonies or sent as gifts to the pope.
No chemical fertilizers were used, just organic fertiliser sent straight from the gardens at Castel Gandolfo.
Asked if he might like to go somewhere else, a Vatican spokesman said the pope would feel 'much safer' inside the Vatican walls.
The Vatican's senior communications adviser, Greg Burke, said Tuesday the fact that Benedict had chosen to live in a monastery is significant.

Centre stage: Benedict waves to the faithful during his general audience in Castel Gandolfo in August 2009

'It is something that he has wanted to do for a while,' Burke said. 'But I think it also suggests that his role is going to be a very quiet one, and that is important so you don't have a situation of ... two different popes at the same time, and one influencing the other.
'I think the obvious thing is when he says retirement, it really means retiring,' he said.
Immediately after his resignation, Benedict will spend some time at the papal summer retreat in Castel Gandolfo, overlooking Lake Albano in the hills south of Rome where he has spent his summer vacations reading and writing.
By March, the weather may start to warm up and he should be able to enjoy the gardens and feed the goldfish in a pond near a statue of the Madonna where he often liked to visit.
If he's interested, he can do some star gazing; The Vatican Observatory is located inside the palazzo, complete with a telescope and a world-class collection of meteorites.
He said Benedict had decided to retire last April after his taxing but exhilarating trip to Mexico and Cuba in March.
'Many people thought they were doing the renovations for new sisters, but it was for the pope,' Vian said. He said only a few people knew of the pope's plans, yet the secret didn't get out.
'That shows the seriousness and loyalty of the few senior Holy See officials who were aware,' he said - a reference to the 2012 scandal over leaked papal documents by the pope's own butler.

VIDEO Pope Benedict expected to retire to Vatican monastery

Benedict expected to retire to Vatican monastery

CANADIAN CARDINAL EDGES AHEAD OF BLACK RIVALS IN RACE FOR PAPACY

In the 24 hours since Pope Benedict's shock resignation, a clear contender for his replacement has yet to emerge.
Ghanaian Cardinal Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson was yesterday revealed as the early favourite with the bookmakers amid feverish speculation he could become the first black pope.
But he has since been overtaken by his Canadian counterpart Marc Ouellet, who is currently the 3/1 frontrunner, according to Paddy Power.
The bookmaker has already taken £100,000 worth of bets and expects the papal race to be its biggest non-sporting market ever.
Here, MailOnline looks at the latest odds for those in contention and some of their strongly held beliefs.

3/1 Cardinal Marc Ouellet, 68
Country: Canada
Elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John Paul II
Significant views: Belief that abortion is unjustifiable, even in cases of rape

7/2 Cardinal Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson, 64
Country: Ghana Cardinal in the Ghanaian Catholic Church

Elevated to cardlinalate by Pope John Paul II

Significant views: Would like to see a black pope. Believes condoms should be used in marriage if one partner is infected with Aids.

9/2 Cardinal Francis Arinze, 80
Country: Nigeria
Elevated to cardlinalate by Pope John Paul II
Significant views: Extreme conservatism on birth control and abortion.

6/1 Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, 69
Country: Argentina
Elevated to cardinalate by Benedict XVI
Significant views: Said Christians in Iraq under Saddam Hussein were more free than they are now

7/1 Cardinal Angelo Scola, 71

Country: Italy
Elevated to become Archbishop of Milan by Benedict XVI
Significant views: Wants to work more closely with Islam and support Christians in the Middle East

9/1 Cardinal Oscar Rodriguez Maradiaga, 70
Country: Honduras
Elevated to cardinalate by Pope John Paul II
Significant views: A moderate but is anti-abortion and criticised Ricky Martin for using a surrogate mother

12/1 Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, 70
Country: Italy
Elevated to cardinalate by Pope Benedict XVI
Significant views: Strongly against abortion and expressed anger towards same-sex unions

16/1 Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, 78
Country: Italy
Elevated to cardinalate by Pope John Paul II
Significant views: Blamed homosexual infiltration of the clergy for Catholic child sex scandals

20/1 Cardinal Christoph von Schonborn, 68
Country: Austria
Elevated to cardinalate by John Paul II
Significant views: Said use of a condom by an Aids sufferer could be seen as a 'lesser evil'.

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Why does the devil in 'The Bible' look exactly like President Obama

Sunday evening's episode of the History Channel's hit series 'The Bible' threw up an awkward coincidence when viewers noticed that Satan bore a remarkable resemblance to President Obama.
Twitter exploded into life during the airing of the latest edition of the Mark Burnett-produced series with most noting the striking similarities between the 44th President and the devil played by actor Mehdi Ouzaani.
The show has been a surprise hit in the ratings, with the religious mini-series attracting 13.1 million viewers on Wednesday - topping television leviathan American Idol's 12.8 million viewers on Wednesday.
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Spooky: Viewers noted the Devil from the History Channel series 'The Bible' Satan looks similar to President Barack Obama

Right-wing commentator and radio-host Glenn Beck first pointed out the eerie similarity on Saturday, tweeting, 'Anyone else think the Devil in #TheBible Sunday on History Channel looks exactly like That Guy?'
Others were simply struck by the clear physical match.

 

Twitter user @Leah Christie, tweeted, 'Oh my word...watching The History Channel's The Bible..does Satan look familiar to anyone else?'

The resemblance between Moroccan actor Mehdi Ouazzani (left) and President Obama left some viewers of 'The Bible' taking to Twitter to express their amazement

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CLUTCH

 Clutch Introduction

 A Clutch is ia machine member used to connect the driving shaft to a driven shaft, so that the driven shaft may be started or stopped at will, without stopping the driving shaft. A clutch thus provides an interruptible connection between two rotating shafts

Clutches allow a high inertia load to be stated with a small power.

A popularly known application of clutch is in automotive vehicles where it is used to connect the engine and the gear box. Here the clutch enables to crank and start the engine disengaging the transmission Disengage the transmission and change the gear to alter the torque on the wheels. Clutches are also used extensively in production machinery of all types

Mechanical Model

Two inertia’s and traveling at the respective angular velocities ωIand I1₁ and ω₂, and one of which may be zero, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in temperature rise.

 

To design analyse the performance of these devices, a knowledge on the following are required.

1. The torque transmitted

2. The actuating force.

3. The energy loss

4. The temperature rise

FRICTION CLUTCHES

As in brakes a wide range of clutches are in use wherein they vary in their are in use their working principle as well the method of actuation and application of normal forces. The discussion here will be limited to mechanical type friction clutches or more specifically to the plate or disc clutches also known as axial clutches

Frictional Contact axial or Disc Clutches

An axial clutch is one in which the mating frictional members are moved in a direction parallel to the shaft. A typical clutch is illustrated in the figure below. It consist of a driving disc connected to the drive shaft and a driven disc co9nnected to the driven shaft. A friction plate is attached to one of the members. Actuating spring keeps both the members in contact and power/motion is transmitted from one member to the other. When the power of motion is to be interrupted the driven disc is moved axially creating a gap between the members as shown in the figure.

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

The torque that can be transmitted by a clutch is a function of its geometry and the magnitude of the actuating force applied as well the condition of contact prevailing between the members. The applied force can keep the members together with a uniform pressure all over its contact area and the consequent analysis is based on uniform pressure condition

Uniform Pressure and wear

However as the time progresses some wear takes place between the contacting members and this may alter or vary the contact pressure appropriately and uniform pressure condition may no longer prevail. Hence the analysis here is based on uniform wear condition

Elementary Analysis

Assuming uniform pressure and considering an elemental area dA

dA = 2Π.r dr

The normal force on this elemental area is

          dN =2.r.dr.p π

The frictional force dF on this area is therefore

                                                   dF= f.2.r.dr.p π

A single-Surface Axial Disk Clutch

Now the torque that can be transmitted by this elemental are is equal to the frictional force times the moment arm about the axis that is the radius ‘r’

i.e. T = dF. r = f.dN. r = f.p.A.r

= f.p.2.π.r. dr .r

The total torque that could be transmitted is obtained by integrating this equation between the limits of inner radius ri to the outer radius ro

Integrating the normal force between the same limits we get the actuating force that need to be applied to transmit this torque.

Equation 1 and 2 can be combined together to give equation for the torque

Equation 1 and 2 can be combined together to give equation for the torque

Uniform Wear Condition

According to some established theories the wear in a mechanical system is proportional to the ‘PV’ factor where P refers the contact pressure and V the sliding velocity. Based on this for the case of a plate clutch we can state

The constant-wear rate R_w is assumed to be proportional to the product of pressure p and velocity V.

R_w= pV= constant

And the velocity at any point on the face of the clutch is V r. = ω

Combining these equation, assuming a constant angular velocity ω

pr = constant = K

The largest pressure p_max must then occur at the smallest radius r_i ,

Hence pressure at any point in the contact region

In the previous equations substituting this value for the pressure term p and integrating between the limits as done earlier we get the equation for the torque transmitted and the actuating force to be applied.

I.e.The axial force F_a is found by substituting     for p and integrating equation dN= 2prdr = π

Similarly the Torque

Substituting the values of actuating force Fa

The equation can be given as

Single plate-dry Clutch – Automotive application

The clutch used in automotive applications is generally a single plate dry clutch. In this type the clutch plate is interposed between the flywheel surface of the engine and pressure plate.)

Single Clutch and Multiple Disk Clutch

Basically, the clutch needs three parts. These are the engine flywheel, a friction disc called the clutch plate and a pressure plate. When the engine is running and the flywheel is rotating, the pressure plate also rotates as the pressure plate is attached to the flywheel. The friction disc is located between the two. When the driver has pushed down the clutch pedal the clutch is released. This action forces the pressure plate to move away from the friction disc. There are now air gaps between the flywheel and the friction disc, and between the friction disc and the pressure plate. No power can be transmitted through the clutch.

Operation Of Clutches

When the driver releases the clutch pedal, power can flow through the clutch. Springs in the clutch force the pressure plate against the friction disc. This action clamps the friction disk tightly between the flywheel and the pressure plate. Now, the pressure plate and friction disc rotate with the flywheel.

As both side surfaces of the clutch plate is used for transmitting the torque, a term ‘N’ is added to include the number of surfaces used for transmitting the torque

By rearranging the terms the equations can be modified and a more general form of the equation can be written as

T is the torque (Nm).

N is the number of frictional discs in contact.

f is the coefficient of friction

F_a is the actuating force (N).

R_m is the mean or equivalent radius (m).

Note that N = n1 + n2 -1

Where n1= number of driving discs

n2 = number of driven discs

Values of the actuating force F and the mean radius for the two conditions of analysis are summarized and shown in the table

ELECTROMAGNETIC CLUTCHES:

They operate electrically, but transmit torque mechanically. This is why they used to be referred to as electro-mechanical clutches. The electromagnetic clutch is most suitable for remote operation since no linkages are required to control its engagement. It has fast, smooth operation. However, because energy dissipates as heat in the electromagnetic actuator every time the clutch is engaged, there is a risk of overheating. Consequently the maximum operating temperature of the clutch is limited by the temperature rating of the insulation of the electromagnet.

FIGURE 2: An electromagnetic clutch

Engagement

When the clutch is required to actuate, current flows through the electromagnet which produces a magnetic field. The rotor portion of the clutch becomes magnetized and sets up a magnetic loop that attracts the armature. The armature is pulled against the rotor and a frictional force is generated at contact. Within a relatively short time, the load is accelerated to match the speed of the rotor, thereby engaging the armature and the output hub of the clutch. In most instances, the rotor is constantly rotating with the input all the time.

Disengagement                                                                                                                                                      When current is removed from the clutch, the armature is free to turn with the shaft. In most designs, springs hold the armature away from the rotor surface when power is released, creating a small air gap.

Cycling                                                                                                                                                                                  Cycling is achieved by interrupting the current through the electromagnet. Slippage normally occurs only during acceleration. When the clutch is fully engaged, there is no relative slip, assuming the clutch is sized properly, and thus torque transfer is 100% efficient.

Clutch Construction

Two basic types of clutch are the coil-spring clutch and the diaphragm-spring clutch. The difference between them is in the type of spring used. The coil spring clutch shown in left Fig 3.2.6 uses coil springs as pressure springs (only two pressure spring is shown).

The coil-spring clutch has a series of coil springs set in a circle.

At high rotational speeds, problems can arise with multi coil spring clutches owing to the effects of centrifugal forces both on the spring themselves and the lever of the release mechanism.

These problems are obviated when diaphragm type springs are used, and a number of other advantages are also experienced.

Clutch or Driven Plate

More complex arrangements are used on the driven or clutch plate to facilitate smooth function of the clutch

The friction disc, more generally known as the clutch plate, is shown partly cut away in Fig. It consists of a hub and a plate, with facings attached to the plate.

First to ensure that the drive is taken up progressively, the centre plate, on which the friction facings are mounted, consists of a series of cushion springs which is crimped radially so that as the clamping force is applied to the facings the crimping is progressively squeezed flat, enabling gradual transfer of the force

On the release of the clamping force, the plate springs back to its original position crimped (wavy) state
This plate is also slotted so that the heat generated does not cause distortion that would be liable to occur if it were a plain plate. This plate is of course thin to keep rotational inertia to a minimum.

Plate to hub Connection

Secondly the plate and its hub are entirely separate components, the drive being transmitted from one to the other through coil springs interposed between them. These springs are carried within rectangular holes or slots in the hub and plate and arranged with their axes aligned appropriately for transmitting the drive. These dampening springs are heavy coil springs set in a circle around the hub. The hub is driven through these springs. They help to smooth out the torsional vibration (the power pulses from the engine) so that the power flow to the transmission is smooth.

In a simple design all the springs may be identical, but in more sophisticated designs the are arranged in pairs located diametrically opposite, each pair having a different rate and different end clearances so that their role is progressive providing increasing spring rate to cater to wider torsional damping

The clutch plate is assembled on a splined shaft that carries the rotary motion to the transmission. This shaft is called the clutch shaft, or transmission input shaft.

This shaft is connected to the gear box or forms a part of the gear box.

Friction Facings or Pads

It is the friction pads or facings which actually transmit the power from the fly wheel to hub in the clutch plate and from there to the output shaft. There are grooves in both sides of the friction-disc facings. These grooves prevent the facings from sticking to the flywheel face and pressure plate when the clutch is disengaged. The grooves break any vacuum that might form and cause the facings to stick to the flywheel or pressure plate. The facings on many friction discs are made of cotton and asbestos fibres woven or molded together and impregnated with resins or other binding agents. In many friction discs, copper wires are woven or pressed into the facings to give them added strength. However, asbestos is being replaced with other materials in many clutches. Some friction discs have ceramic-metallic facings.

Such discs are widely used in multiple plate clutches.

To minimize the wear problems, all the plates will be enclosed in a covered chamber and immersed in an oil medium. Such clutches are called wet clutches.

Typical characteristics of some widely used friction linings given in the table below

		Table  Properties of common clutch/Brake lining materials
Friction Material Against Steel or Cl		Dynamic Coefficient of friction			Maximum Pressure KPa		Maximum Temperature
	dry		In oil
Molded	0.25-0.45		0.06-0.09	1030-2070		204-260
Woven	0.25-0.45		0.08-0.10	345-0.10		204-260
Sintered metal	0.15-0.45		0.05-0.08	1030-2070		232-677
Cast iron of hard steel	0.15-0.25		0.03-0.06	690-720		260